Ukkloh dk nks fnolh; jk"Vªh; vf/kos'ku fnukad 18&19 tuojh 2004 dks iw.ks] egkjk"Vª esa laiUu gqvkA dk;ZØe dh v/;{krk Jherh byk HkV~V }kjk fd;k tkuk fuf'pr Fkk] fadarq vLoLFkk ds dkj.k mudh vuqifLFkfr esa Jherh jsukuk >kcokyk }kjk dk;ZØe dh v/;{krk dh xbZA vf/kos'ku ds eq[; vfrfFk Mk- ckck vknko o Jh 'kfjr HkkSfed jgsA

lHkk v/;{k Jherh jsukuk >kcokyk dh vuqefr ls ef.kiqj dh lgHkkxh r#.kh ckyk ds bZ'oj cUnuk ^^esjh ir jk[kks fxj/kkjh-------------** ls dk;ZØe dk 'kqHkkjaHk gqvk A

Hkkjr ds çFke efgyk f'kf{kdk lkfof= HkkbZ Qqys o egkRek HkkbZ Qqys dh ifo= /kjrh iw.ks esa dyk çlkn eaxy dk;kZy; esa iw.ks etnwj lHkk ds Jh vkj-ch-'kekZysa us vkelHkk esa lEefyr leLr lgHkkfx;ksa dk vfHkuanu djrs gq, iw.ksa dk ,sfrgkfld egRo crk;k A

lHkk ds vkjEHk esa ukloh ds vc rd ds dk;Zdykiksa ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa dh ppkZ gsrq rRdkfyu leUo;d Jh vjfcUn flag dks v/khd`r fd;k x;k A

vjfcUn flag%& 1998 flracj] lsok }kjk vk;ksftr QsjhVksdjhokyksa dh ,d dk;Z'kkyk esa muds izfrfuf/k;ksa us ;g eglwl fd;k fd vyx&vyx yM+us ls vkanksyu detksM+ gksrk gS] uhfr izfrdwy gksrh pyh tkrh gS] vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk vius vf/kdkj dk mfpr iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkuk] bR;kfn tSlh leL;kvksa ds dkj.k QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa dk thou&;kiu djuk Hkkjh eqf'dy gks x;k gSA vr% blds fy, ,d eap dk xBu fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA vf/kos'ku esa 15 jkT;ksa%& mÙkj&izns'k] fcgkj] e/;izns'k] >kj[kaM] jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] dsjy] rkfeyukMq] vka/kzizns'k] if'pe caxky] mM+hlk] ef.kiqj] f=iqjk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, Jh flag us crk;k] ^^ukloh ds xBu ds i'pkr~ eq[; leL;k fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lwpuk dk vHkko] mfpr laxBuksa dh [kkst] usVofdZax rFkk lHkh dks ,d eap ij ykuk jgkA vusdkusd iz;klksa] fujarj i=&ys[ku] lwpuk lEizs"k.k ds tfj;s vkt iwjs Hkkjr ds yxHkx 500 laxBuksa dks ukloh ls tksM+k x;kA uoEcj 2003 es ukloh dks iathd`r djk;k x;k rFkk iathdj.k ds Ik'pkr~ 132 lnL; laxBuksa us ukloh dh lnL;rk xzg.k dj yh gSA

ukloh us le;≤ ij viuh j.kuhfr;ka cukbZ] cnyhA dqN ,sls Hkh eqn~ns jgs tks rRdky izHkko ugha nsrh fdar nwjxkeh ifj.kke okys uhfr;ksa ij fujarj odkyr djrh jgh] ftldk ifj.kke ^jk"Vªh; uhfr* vk;kA jk"Vªh; uhfr gsrq o"kZ 2000 esa 'kgjh fodkl o xjhch mUewyu ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh; VkLd QkslZ dk xBu dj jk"Vªh; uhfr cukus dh ckr dhA VkLd QkslZ us blds fy, ,d MªkQVhax dfeVh xfBr dhA MªkfQ~Vax dfeVh }kjk rS;kj jk"Vªh; uhfr 18 jkT;ksa ds Lohd`fr ds ckn dSfcusV ds le{k j[kk x;k gS rFkk lalnh; vke&pquko 2004 ds iwoZ ikfjr djkuk ukloh dk eq[; y{; gSA

laxBu laokn ,oa lwpuk lEizsf"kr] etcwr n`f"Vdks.k cukus esa if=dk ^^ QqVikFk dh vkokt** ,d l'kDr ek/;e cukA blds vfrfjDr ftl eap ls Hkh volj feyk] vkWy bafM;k es;j dkSafly] ;k vU; ls jktuhfr ij gkoh yksxksa dks laosnu'khy cuk;k x;kA

vR;f/kd laxBuksa dks feykdj ukloh dk ,d o`gn lafo/kku cuk;k x;k rFkk ;g /;ku j[kk x;k fd laxBu ij lnL;rk vk/kkfjr laxBuksa dk dCtk jgs rFkk blesa ikjnf'kZrk] lkeqfgd Hkkxhnkjh o iztkrkaf=d jgsA laxBu esa 25 lnL;ksa dh ,d dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr cuk;h xbZ gS] ftlesa 21 lnL;] lnL; vk/kkfjr laxBuksa ls rFkk 4 lnL; xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa o O;fDrxr@O;olkf;d gksxsaA dqy 21 lnL;ksa esa 1@3 iVjh nqdkunkj 1@3 efgyk;s gksxhA

ukloh ,d yksd laxBu cus rFkk osaMlZ ds laxBuksa ds gkFk esa jgs] blds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd]

·       lnL; vk/kkfjr laxBuksa dks gh ernku iz.kkyh esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/kdkj gSA

·       lnL; vk/kkfjr laxBuksa ds 21 lnL; dk;Zdkfj.kh ds ckdh cps 4 lnL;ksa dks lg;kstu djsxsA

vc rd ukloh ,d eap Fkk] vc lnL; vk/kkfjr laxBu gSA lapkj Øakfr ds bl ;qx esa ;g vR;f/kd izHkko'kkyh o iztkrkaf=d dSls cts] ;g ukloh ds le{k ,d xaHkhj leL;k gS vU; egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gS&

·       lapkj O;oLFkk

·       QzsaVhd dky esa &j.kuhfr

·       laxBuksa dk {kerk fodkl

·       ukloh dk laLFkkxr fodkl

·       ukloh dks vkxs dSls c<+k;s

·       efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dSls lqfuf'pr gks

·        gj Qsjhokys dSls ukloh dk Qk;nk mBk;sA

d`".kk izlkn lkg%& ¼is'ks ls QqVikFk nqdkunkj ,oa ukloh ds laLFkkid v/;{k½ % eSa o"kZ 1994 ls QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa ds lkFk dk;Zjr gw¡ rFkk eq>s csgn vQlksl gS fd eS ukloh ds xBu ls le; ls blds lkFk ugha jgkA eq>s bruk vuqHko Hkh ugha FkkA eSus 'kq# esa 25 lnL;ksa dk ,d laxBu cukdj uxj bZdkbZ ls la?k"kZ dj mUgsa ykblsal fuxZr djok;k A nks o"kZ ckn ykblsal jí dj fn;k x;kA fQj la?k"kZ 'kq# gqvk vkSj iqu% o"kZ 2000 esa uxj bZdkbZ }kjk ykblsal fuxZr fd;k x;kA o"kZ 2001 esa ukloh ls tqM+k rFkk vkxs dh j.kuhfr;ksa esa 'kkfey jgwxk¡A

eukyh 'kkg% ¼lsok&vgenkckn½ %& lsok us viuk dke cspus okyksa ds lkFk o"kZ 1972 ls vkjEHk fd;k rFkk vkt yxHkx 40]000 lnL;ksa dks laxfBr dj pqds gSA o"kZ 1996 esa vgenkckn ds dsUnz cktkj esa iqfyl ,oa uxjikfydk }kjk efgyk lnL;ksa dks ekjihV fd;k rFkk lkeku mBkdj pyh x;hA loksZPp U;k;ky; esa blls lEc) ekeyk nk;j fd;k x;k rFkk QSlyk efgykvksa ds gd esa vk;k] ftlesa uxjikfydk }kjk ykblsal feyk rFkk ekdsZV cukuk r; fd;k x;k] ijarq ekdsZV cuk ughA iqu% vgenkckn esa ekusd pkSd {ks= ds fo"k; esa yxHkx 9 yk[k f'kdk;r dsl bdV~Bs fd;s x;s rFkk mPp U;k;ky; esa ekeyk nk;j fd;k] iqu% QSlyk efgykvksa ds gd esa x;kA

ijarq dbZ ckj leL;k ;g gksrh gS fd tc Hkh QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa dh ckr gksrh gS rks vkdM+s ,d leL;k cudj mHkjrh gSA vr% lsok ds }kjk djk;s x;s losZ{k.k esa dqy 1110 vf/kd`r cktkj ,oa 1]00]000 nqdkunkj gSA

eq>s ;kn gS fd tc 1998 esa jk"Vªh; dk;Z'kkyk gqbZ rks iwjs jk"Vª ds 15&20 laLFkkvksa us lgHkkfxrk dh Fkh vkt 15 jkT;ksa ds izfrfuf/k jk"Vªh; vf/kos'ku esa 'kkfey gS] ;g ,d cM+h miyfC/k gS ukloh ds iz;kl ls VkLd QkslZ cuk] jk"Vªh; uhfr cuh vkSj blh jk"Vªh; uhfr ds vk/kkj ij jkT; ds uxj fodkl ea=ky; ls okrkZ dj jkT; uhfr cuokbZ x;h gSA u;h fodflr gks jgh miuxj ostyiqj esa inkf/kdkfj;ksa ls okrkZ dj ogka ekdsZV esa 'kkSpky;] ykjh ua- bR;kfn fn;k tk jgk gSA

xtuQj ucko] lfpo] ,Vd fcgkj%& vkt gekjk lEesyu ,sls le; es gks jgk gS] tc lkezkT;oknh oS'ohdj.k] HkqeaMyhdj.k] lekt ds ncs] etnwj oxZ ij 'kks"k.k dh uhfr Fkksi ij ijs'kku dj jgh gSA bleas nks izdkj ds fojks/kh gS&

·       oS'ohdj.k dk nq'izHkko gS mldk ekuoh; #i] tks iwathoknh O;oLFkk ds varxZr vkrk gSA

·       lkekftd oS'ohdj.k& lektoknh O;oLFkk etnwj oxZ dks fodYi ds #i esa lÙkk esa Hkkxhnkjh gksxhA

eSa 70 ds n'kd ls gh QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa ds fy, dk;Z dj jgk gw¡A LFkkuh; eqís ij vk/kkfjr laxBu viuh vkokt mBkrs jgs fdarq vkxs ugha vk ik;saA nks o"kZ iwoZ fdlh varjkZ"Vªh;  dk;Z'kkyk esa ukloh dks tkuk rFkk rHkh ls lEc) gSA ukloh us osaMjksa ds LFkkuh; vkokt dks jk"Vªh; Lrj ij QsMjs'ku cukdj mHkkjk] muds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk gsrq vkokt mBkbZ] ,oa ljdkj] lÙkk o iz'kklu rd igq¡pk;k A

ukloh ds xBu ds ckn inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks osaMjksa ds eqís ds izfr laosnu'khy cuk;k x;k rFkk jk"Vªh; uhfr cudj rS;kj gqbZA iw.ks dh /kjrh ls] ukloh ds eap ls ge pkgrs gS fd&

Ø    Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fufgr vf/kdkj izkIr gks]

Ø    nqdkunkjh ds fy, ykblsal feys]

Ø    Bsdsnkjksa ls Hkh esjk vkxzg gS fd os vius nkf;Ro le>s] ;krk;kr ckf/kr u djs] T;knk txg u ?ksjs] xanxh u j[ks rFkk lks/ku flag ds dsl ls izsj.kk ysA

jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa osMjksa ds ;ksxnku dks u ljdkj ekurh gS uk gh laHkzkr yksxA vr% vius vf/kdkj dh j{kk gsrq  geus iVuk mPp U;k;ky; esa ,d pktZ nk;j fd;k gS rFkk ukloh dk fogkj foax us 21 Qjojh dk izR;sd uxj fudkbZ ds le{k rFkk 23 ekpZ 2004 dks iwjk jkT; iVuk esa /kjuk o izn'kZu djsxkA

lqJh ,Mfyu%& ;?kfi rkfeyukMq ljdkj osMjksa dks etnwj rks ekurh gS fdUrq etnwjksa dk vf/kdkj ugha nsrhA uk gh osafMx ds fy, dksbZ LFky fpUghr~ gS vkSj uk gh dksbZ O;oLFkk gSA fcpkSfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls Bsdsnkjh izFkk tkjh gSA izk;% izfr osaMj 50@& #- izfrfnu olwys tkrs gSa] ioZ R;ksgkj ds ekSds ij 250@& #- izfrfnu izfr osaMj olwys tkrs gSA dkj ikfdZax ds fy, rks O;kid txg ij osafMx ds fy, dksbZ txg ughA iqfyl okyksa dks iSlk ugha nks rks os izrkfM+r djrs gSA 'kgjksa ds lkSUnzh;dj.k ds uke ij osaMjksa dks mtkM+k tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd  gekjh ek¡x Fkh& f'k{kk ds fy, QaM] 'kknh ds fy, QaM] isa'ku] chek] LokLF; chek] Hkfo"; fuf/k A

fdarq blls ls dsoy 'kknh ds fy, dsoy 500@& #i;s nsus ds fy, Lohdkj fd;k x;kA vHkh rd isa'ku o LokLF; ;kstuk cukbZ x;hA vr% gekjh ;wfu;u ekax djrh gS fd% Bsdsnkjh izFkk lekIr djs] jkstxkj ds fy, txg nsa A

'kfjr HkkSfed%& o"kZ 1999 eqEcbZ esa ,d dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlesa eq[; #i ls osaMjksa ds vk; o la[;k dk vkadyu dSls fd;k tk;] ij fopkj fd;k x;k rFkk blds fy, losZ{k.k fd;k tkuk ij lgefr cuh rFkk Hkkjr ds 7 'kgjksa vgenkckn] iVuk] bEQky dks pquk x;k A

;|fi Qsjh&Vksdjhokysa lLrk lkeku] miyC/k djokrs gS] lHkh txgksa ij t#jr dk lkeku csprs gS] bUgsa izkFkfedrk nsus ds ctk; bUgsa fØehuy o minzo QSykus okys djkj fn;k tkrk gSA 30&31 ekpZ 2000 dks pkj ljdkjh foHkkx jsyos] ;kstuk] dkuwu o 'kgjh fodkl ds lkFk foLr`r okrkZ dj ,d uhfr rS;kj dh xbZA ftlesa 'kgjksa ds xjhch dh O;oLFkk esa osaMjksa dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k A jsyos foHkkx dks NksM+dj rhuks foHkkxksa us bl ckr dks Lohdkjk rFkk uxj ikfydk dkuwu dks ykxw djokuk ,oa iqfyl dkuwu esa cnyko ij cy fn;k x;kA

tgk¡ rd esjh le> gS osMjksa dks ykblsal ugh nsdj mUgsa o muds jkstxkj dks dkuwuh oS|rk nh tk; rHkh budh fLFkfr cny ldrh gSA ykblsal es cgqr dqN Hkjuk gksrk gS] rFkk ;g fdlh ds uke ls jgrk gS] fdarq mDr O;fDr ds vfrfjDr mlds ifjokj okys Hkh jkstxkj djrs gS] nwljk blls iqu% fcpkSfy;ksa dks iSlk mxkgh dk ekSdk fey tk;sxkA vr% osaMjksa dks igpku i= fn;k tk;A rFkk izfØ;k iwjs rkSj ij fodsUæd`r gksA ge gkWfdax o uu&gkWfdax tksu dh ekax ugha djrs cfYd ;g eqík okMZ dfeVh ij NksM+ nsrs gS D;ksafd ;fn O;oLFkk cukbZ tk; uu&gkWfdax tksu Hkh gkWfdax tksu gks ldrs gSA okMZ dfeVh esa Qsjhokyksa ds laxBuksa dks txg  fn;k tkuk pkfg,A 'kgjksa ds lkSUæ;hdj.k ds eqís ij Qsjhokyksa dks gVkuk mfpr ugha oju~ mUgsa ml izfØ;k dk vax ekudj mUgsa Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk;A

;g vke /kkj.kk gS fd Qsjhokyksa ds otg ls xanxh QSyrh gSA txg dks lQkbZ djus dh ftEesnkjh Qsjhokyksa dks fn;k tk; u fd QqM baLisDVj dks] rks ;g vO;oLFkk Hkh nwj gks tk;xhA

Qsjhokyksa ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk] lq{e _.k] Hkfo"; fuf/k bR;kfn lqfo/kk eqgS;k gksuh pkfg,A blds fy, VsªM ;wfu;u dks Hkh vyx&vyx lsDVj ls feydj tSls ,u-th-vks] dks&vkWijsfVo vkfn ls feydj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

jk"Vªh; uhfr Hkh ikfjr gksus dh izfØ;k es gSA 17&18 jkT;ksa us bls viuh Lohd`fr nh gS ijarq uhfr Lohdkj djuk vU; ckr gS rFkk mls ykxw djokuk nwljh ckr gSA uhfr ykxw djokys gsrq fupys Lrj ds laxBuksa dks vkxs vkuk gksxk rFkk Qsjh&Vksdjksokyksa ds fy, lHkh dks feydj vkuk gksxk A

Mk- ckck vknkc%&fiNys 40 Ok"kksZ ls eSa ns[k jgk gw¡ & cl ,d gh ukjk gS& gj tksj tqYe esa] la?k"kZ gekjk ukjk gS-----A vfrØe.k dh xkM+h ns[krs gh yksx Hkkxus yxrs gS] eky vLr O;Lr] Hkkxe&Hkkxh] irk gh ugh pyrk ;s dkSu lh yM+kbZ gSA ljdkj ukSdjh nsrh ugha pyrk ;s dkSu lh yM+kbZ gSA ljdkj ukSdjh nsrh ugha] eSa dqN d# rks djus nsrh ughaA lgk;rk djus ds ctk; xqugxkj Bgjkrs gSA iw.ks 'kgj esa 50]000 osaMj gSA gjsd] txg ;s nks fLFkfr;ksa esa ,df=r jgrs gS&

Ø    vfrØe.k xkM+h vk;h

Ø    iqfyl vk;h]

rHkh ;wfu;u dh ;kn vk;hA oasMj Hkh ,d odZj gS] ;g ljdkj us ekuk fnYyh esa deh'ku&lc deh'ku cukA laln esa ekuns; ij fo/ks;d Hkh vk;s fcuk ppkZ ds ikfjr gks x;sA deh'ku dk D;k gqvk irk ughA nqdku yxkuk gh ,d leL;k ugh gSA geus dgk ,d vEczsyk ysftLys;j cukb;saA yksxksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk _.k lqfo/kk bR;kfn Hkh pkfg,A dkexkj dkuwu dk bLrseky ljdkjh ;k laxfBr {ks= dk FkkA iwjs Hkkjr esayxHkx 40 djksM+ etnwj gS ij 2 izfr'kr dkexkjksa dks gh bldk ¼dkexkj dkuwu½ dk ykHk fey ikrk gSA

vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, isa'ku chek ij 60 lky ds mij ds yksxksa dks 500@& #i;k fn;k tk;sxkA ysfdu ik;yV ds #i esa igys nl jkT;ksa dks 50 ftyksa ls ,d yk[k yksxksa dks gh ;g lqfo/kk fn;k tk;sxk] lkFk gh 30]000 yksxksa dks esfMdy b';ksajsl ls tksM+k tk;sxkA vlaxfBr {ks= ds 106 jkstxkjksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k gSA isa'ku gsrq ukxiqj esa ,d yk[k yksxksa dh jSyh fudkyh xbZA

fiNys n'kgjk ds le; iw.ks 'kgj esa deh'uj us 5000 xkfM+;k mBkbZ vkSj rksM+ MkyhA geus /kerh nh] /kjuk fn;k] jSyh dh ijarq dksbZ lquokbZ ugha gqbZ rFkk dqN 'kÙkksZ ij xkM+h NksM+uk fuf'pr gqvk&

Ø    xkM+h NksM+rs le; LVkEi fd;k tk;sxkA

Ø    xkM+h okys dk uke] irk] igpku i=] dh QksVks dkWih bR;kfn nsuk gksxkA

Ø    tqekZuk Hkjuk gksxk] ijarq xkM+h ds VqVus QqVus dh ftEesnkjh uxj ikfydk dh ugha gksxhA

Ø    igpku i= feyus ij gh xkM+h NksM+sxs] blds fy,

o      20 o"kZ ls egkjk"Vª dh fuoklh gksuh pkfg,

o      tUeizek.k i=] ernkrk i= bR;kfn gksuk pkfg,

Ø    xkM+h NksM+us ds ckn mDr O;fDr /ka/kk ugha djsxkA

vf/kos'ku dks fourh gS fd jk"Vªh; Lrj ij [kM+k gksus ds fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj dh ckr gksuh pkfg, A gesa dkuwu ugha&dke pkfg,] dkuwu ikfjr ugha&ykxw gksuk pkfg,A

vkt ^jkbV Vq bUQkWjesa'ku* dh ckr gS] ge uxj ikfydk ls ukSdjh ugha ekaxrs] ges Msyh ikl cuk;sA ;krk;kr esa xM+cM+h ugha gksuh pkfg, LokLF; lqn`<+ jguk pkfg,A gels LOk;a pkgrs gS fd ,slk gks vkSj blesa ge Hkkxhnkj cusA

vr% esjh le> esa vc LVªhV osaMjksa dk ,d vkanksyu gksuk pkfg,A eSa le>rk gw¡] dkxt pquusokys] [ksfrgj etnwj] fuekZ.k etnwj lHkh dks vius dk;Z{ks= esa yksxksa ls laca/k c<+kuk gksxk HkkbZpkjk mRiUu djuk gksxkA vius jkstxkj ds gd ,oa Loj{k.k ds fy, lHkh dks ,d gksuk gksxkA

jsukuk >kcokyk%& bykcsu ds liuks ds lkFk 1972 esa lsok us viuk dk;Z 'kq# fd;k vkSj vkt jk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij viuk igpku cuk ik;k gSA 22 o"kZ iwoZ ckck vk<ko ls feyhA

vlaxfBr {ks= dk dkuwu dSlk gksxk] cksMZ dSlk gksxk] mlesa dkexkj dk izfrfuf/kRo dSls gksxk] ;g lHkh phts ;gk ¼ckck ds laxBu es½ ns[kus dks feyk rFkk ogh lkjh phts jk"Vªh; uhfr esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

osaMj] vlaxfBr dkexkj {ks= ds ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA dqy Jfed dk ek= 8 izfr'kr gh laxfBr {ks= ls gS] ckdh 92 izfr'kr dkexkj vlaxfBr {ks= ls gS tks jk"Vªh; vk; esa 62 izfr'kr dh Hkkxknkjh djrs gS] jk"Vªh; cpr esa budk ;ksxnku 50 izfr'kr gSA

vr% ljdkj vlaxfBr {ks= dks utj vankt ugha dj ldrhA blfy, ,d dkuwu cuk;k&jk"Vªh; Je vk;ksx ij og laln es ugha vk ldkA ij vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk] isa'ku] chek] LokLF; chek dh ekax dh ij og ikfjr u gks ldk D;ksafd foÙk ea=ky; o dkuwu ea=ky; esa rkyesy ugha cu ik;k A

,sfrgkfld le; ls gh Qsjhokyksa dk vfLrRo jgk gS] 1852 esa gh muds leL;kvksa dks nwj djus gsrq igyk uxj fudk; cukA mlh le; dk dkuwu gS& dksbZ Hkh vkneh fdlh Hkh jksM esa MCck----ugha yxk ldrk] tcrd dh deh'uj mldk vkns'k u nsA vr% vc dkuwu cnyus dk le; vk x;k gSA

fo'o lkekftd eap esa oS'ohdj.k dh cgqr ckrs gqbZ] ij blesa gekjh txg D;k gS] blesa nks ckrs gS& d- 'kgjksa esa cnyko&lM+d] iqy o QykbZvksHkj A

;g Hkh oS'ohdj.k dk ,d Hkkx gSA 'kgjksa esa iawth vk jgh 'kgjh cukoV esa Qsjhokyksa dks gVkuk pkfg,A lqij ekdsZV ds vfLrRo vk jgs gSA esjk ekuuk gS fd blesa Hkh QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA flaxkiqj dk mnkgj.k nsdj ekax dh &

§       gjsd Qsjhokys dks mudk txg feyuk pkfg,

§       jk"Vªh; uhfr ykxw gksuk pkfg,

[k- oS'ohdj.k dk ,d vU; Lo#i ;g gS fd iwathoknh yksx] lÙkk ds yksx rFkk vU; cM+h gfLr;ka dk laxBu rsth ls cu jgh gS] tcfd dkexkjksa ds laxBu VqVrs tk jgs gS rFkk muds txg fdlh u;s laxBu dk fodkl Hkh ugha gks jgk gSA Qsjhokyksa ds laxBuksa dks rksM+us esa jktuhfrd  gfLr;ka uxj ikfydk o iqfyl vkfn lfØ; jgrs gSA iwathifr;ksa dk vknku&iznku gks jgk gSa ijarq dkexkj ,d gh txg ij jg tkrs gSA ukloh dk iz;kl gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d laxBu cuk;k tk; vr% LVªhV usV dk xBu fiNys o"kZ nf{k.k vfQzdk ¼Mjcu½ esa gqvk A

ukloh ds ckjs esa eSa dguk pkgwaxh fd ukloh dks eqík vk/kkfjr cukuk pkfg,A

Ø    lgdkfjrk&yksxksa dks tksM+s] ,drk cuk;

Ø    xjhcksa dks dsUæ esa j[kk tk;

Ø    fglkc&fdrkc lgh gksus pkfg,

Ø    j'khn gksus pkfg,

Ø    yksd'kkgh i)fr gks

Ø    efgykvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo T;knk gksA

vfgalkRed& bl eqís ij mM+hlk dks izfrfuf/k 'ks[k vCnqYyk }kjk dM+k izfrjks/k fd;k x;kA

jktuhfr& Qsjhokys lnk ls gh jktuhfrd nyksa ds fy, eqísa jgs gS] ysfdu gekjh laLFkk esa jktuhfr dk D;k txg gS] mls r; djuk gksxkA ftl fdlh dks Hkh ftl ikVhZ esa tkuk gS tk;sa fdarq ukloh esa ikVhZ dks ysdj ugha vk;sA ukloh dk eap ls lnSo QqVikFk dh vkokt mBuh pkfg,A vHkh mlds v/;{k Qsjhokys gh gSA

vHkh rhu rjg dh dfeVh cukbZ tk;sxh A tks dy ds dk;ZØe r; djsxhA

lnL;rk lfefr& eukyhcsu] vjfcan flag ;g r; djsaxs fd dkSu ukloh ds lnL; gksaxsA

lafo/kku la'kks/ku lfefr& xtuQj uokc] f'k[kk tks'kh] 'kfjr HkkSfed

dk;ZØe dk fu/kkZj.k lfefr& jsukuk >kcokyk] jru dq-flag

lHkh dfeVh ds yksx jkf= 9-30 cts ls viuh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk djsxsA dksbZ Hkh bPNqd lnL; dfeVh dks viuk lg;ksx ns ldrs gSA

bykHkV~V ds egRoiw.kZ xhr ^^ygq ds lkFk------* ds lkFk gh izFke fnu ds dk;Z dk lekiu gqvkA

nwljk fnu

vf/kos'ku ds nwljs fnu dk dk;ZØe izkr% 9-30 cts vkjEHk gqvkA jru dqekj flag] x;k] fcgkj }kjk nwljs dh dk;Zdze dh iw.kZ :Ik js[kk dh ppkZ dh] dk;Zdze rhu çdkj dh gS&

izFke &  rhuksa uo xfBr lfefr dh fjiksZV

        lafo/kku la'kks/ku ij izLrko ,oa lq>ko A

f}rh; & ekax laca/kh i= HkkOkh ;kstuk] dsjy fookn dh fjiksZV

r`rh; & dk;Zdkfj.kh dk pquko

rhuksa dfeVh us vius&vius fjiksZV fn;sA

d- lnL;rk lfefr& eukyh lkg us laLFkk dk xzqi crk;k fd fdl laLFkk dks fdl xzqi esa j[kk x;k gSA

[k- lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼f'k[kk tks'kh½& ukloh dk iwjk uke ^^us'kuy ,yk;al vkQ LVªhV osaMlZ bafM;k** Fkk fdarq iathdj.k ds nkSjku iaath;u foHkkx us us'kuy ,yka;l 'kCn ij vkifÙk dh vr% iath;u gsrq bldk uke ^^U;w ,'kksfl,'ku vkWQ LVªhV osaMlZ vkWQ bafM;k ¼ukloh½** dj fn;k x;kA vc pw¡fd us'kuy ,yk;al vkWQ LVªhV osaMlZ bafM;k dk jk"Vªh; dfeVh xfBr gks jgh gS rks iqu% ge yksxksa dks ukloh ds iqjkus uke ds fy,] ^^us'kuy ,yk;al vkWQ LVªhV osaMlZ bafM;k** ¼ukloh½ ij igy djuk pkfg, vr% foHkkx dks vc nks uke us'kuy ,yk;al ;k us'kuy ,lksfl,'ku fn;k tk;sxkA ftl 'kCn ij mUgsa lgqfy;r gks mlh uke ls iath;u fd;k tk;sxkA vr% ukloh dk uke us'kuy ,yk;al vkWQ LVªhV osaMlZ bafM;k @ us'kuy ,lksf'k;s'ku vkWQ LVªhV osaMlZ bafM;k gksxkA lHkk us loZlEefr ls bls ikfjr fd;kA

fo"k;ksa ij okn fookn ,oa lq>ko%&

jktsUnz izlkn] fcgkj & dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dh la[;k c<+k;h tkuh pkfg,A

fo".kqnso] fcgkj & dk;Zdkfj.kh ds xBu ds ckn ,d jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k gksuk pkfg,A

euksjek tks'kh] ¼lsok Hkkjr½ & dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dks ,d lykgdkj lfefr dk xBu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ukloh dh cSBd dsoy ukloh dk;kZy; es gh u gksdj vU; jkT;ksa o {ks=ksa es fd;k tk;A

jru dqekj vk;kZ ,oa t; izdk'k flag] fcgkj& ,d fuxjkuh lfefr dk xBu fd;k tkuk pkfg,] tks ;g r; djs fd lnL; laxBu ukloh es jgus yk;d gS ;k ughaA

eks- mej Qk#[k] fcgkj %& ukloh ds dk;ZØe dk lapkyu ,d txg ls dj ikuk vR;ar dfBu gS vr% jkT;&Lrj ij ,oa ,d ftyk Lrj ij dfeVh cuuh pkfg,A

n;k 'kadj flag ] eqEcbZ & ukloh dh lnL;rk xzg.k djus ds fy, dksbZ igpku gksuk pkfg,A vkosnu ds lkFk lnL;ksa dh lwph gksuh pkfg, rkfd mudh igpku dh tk ldsA

egsUnz ifjnk] Hkqous'oj]mMh+lk & izR;sd nwljs ;k rhljs c"kZ ukloh dk ,d vf/kos'ku gksuk pkfg, rkfd iwjs ns'k esa Qsjhokyksa dh cSBd gks ldsA

ckiw jko iokj] eqEcbZ&izR;sd jkT;ksa dks dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr es de ls de ,d izfrfuf?kRo fn;k tk; rkfd jkT; Lrjh; leL;k dsUnzh; dk;Zdkfj.kh rd igqaPk ldsA

izrki lkgq ] mMh+lk&,d izfrfuf/k dks de ls de nks jkT;ksa dk dk;ZHkkj laHkkyuk pkfg,A ckdh cps izfrfuf/k;ksa dks ckdh jkT;ksa dk nkSjk djrs jguk pkfg,A

vU; lq>ko%& ukloh ds }kjk izR;sd lnL; laxBuksa dks ,d izek.k i= fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

dk;Zdkfj.kh es 25 lnL;ksa ds vfrfjDr vU; mifLFkr yksxksa es ls fo'ks"k vkeaf=r lnL; ds :Ik es dqN ykxksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk,A

ukloh dh ekax%&

f'k[kk tks'kh %& Hkkjr es yxHkx 1 djksM- ls Hkh vf/kd LVªhV osaMj gSA bles yxHkx 30 izfr'kr igys fdlh QSDVªh ;k vU; izfr"Bku es dk;Zjr Fks tks bu çfr"Bkuksa ds cUn gksus ds ckn lM+dks ds fdukjs jkstxkj djus ij etcwj gq,A buds Je ls y?kq mRiknksa es c<+ksrjh gqbZA ;s 'kgjh vFkZ&ra= o forj.k O;oLFkk es egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrs gSa A fQj Hkh ;s mis{kk o izrkM+uk ds f'kdkj gksrs gSaA vr% ukloh ekax djrh gS fd&

Ø    lM+dks ds fdukjs dkuwuh rkSj ij cspus dk vf/kdkj

Ø    dkuquh #i es ikfjokfjd igpku i= fn;s tk;sa

Ø    'kgjh o okMZ lfefr cukbZ tk, rFkk mles 40 izfr'kr

Ø    izfrfuf/kRo Qsjh okyksa dk gks

Ø    lkekftd lqj{kk & isa'ku] chek

Ø    izkd`frd cktkj O;oLFkk ij cy fn;k tk,

Ø    'kgjh forj.k iz.kkyh esa Hkkxhnkjh feysa

Ø    'kgjh ekLVj Iyku es 'kkfey fd;k tk,

Ø    'kgjh lkSUn;hZdj.k dk;ZØe es 'kfey fd;k tk,

Ø    foLFkkiu ;k mtkM+uss ls iwoZ oSdfYid O;oLFkk dh tk,

Ø    lkIrkfgd gkV cktkjksa ds fy, dkuwuh rkSj ij LFkku fn;k tk,A

Ø    Bsdsnkjh o voS/k olwyh ij jksd yxk;h tk,] QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa gsrq jk"Vªh; uhfr ds vkyksd es ukloh dh izFke vke lHkk mijksDr ekaxks dks loZlEefr ls ikfjr djrh gSA rFkk lHkk ls ;g vkxzg djrh gS fd jk"Vªh; uhfr ykxq djokus gsrq jkT; ljdkj ij ncko MkysaA

Ekkax es tksM+s tkus okys fcUnq%&

vfuy VaMu] y[kuÅ & dkjiksjs'ku ;k uxj fuxe QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa dk lfefr dk izfrfuf/kRo

'ks[k vCnqyk] mMh+lk & [kkyh iM+s txgks ij LVkWy cukdj de nj ij nqdkunkjksa dks vkoafVr djsaA

'kadj nkl] if'pe caxky & [kkyh iM+s txgks ij LVkWy cukdj de nj ij nqdkunkjksa dks vkoafVr djsaA

larks"k xqIrk] cjsyh & vfrdze.k vfHk;ku dks jksdk tk, ;fn nqdkunkj T;knk txg /ksjrk gS rks de LFkku nsdj fodzh djus dh vuqefr nsaA

eks- bukeqíhu] xkth;kckn & ykblsal tkjh fd;s tk,A iqfyl tqYe cUn fd;k tk,A lkIrkfgd gkV cktkjksa dh lkIrkfgd canh lqfuf'pr djsaA

Hkqis'k xqIrk] iVuk fcgkj& vkxkeh pquko es lRrk es nqdkunkjksa dh Hkwfedk gksA

vk'kk pkS/kjh] iVuk fcgkj& nqdkunkjh ds LFkku ij efgykvksa ds fy, 'kkSpky; cuk;k tk;A

pEik osu] lsok] vgenkckn& igpku i= dk mi;ksx Qsjh Vksdjh okyksa ds vfrjfDr dksbZ vkSj u djs ;g Hkh lqfuf’pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

eks- eqfLyemíhu] fcgkj & mijksDr dk;Z eas osaMlZ viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsa rFkk igpku i= ftyk Ikz'kklu ds gLrk{kj ls miyC/k djk;k tk,A

blds vfrfjDr vf/kos'ku es vU; izLrko Hkh yxk;s x;sA

§       ljdkjh vkdM+ks ds vuqlkj 2-5 djksM+ QqVikFk nqdkunkj Hkkjr eas gSA vr% blh vkdM+s dks lgh ekudj vkxs dh j.kuhfr cuk;s tk;sxhA

§       1997 esa loksZPp; U;k;ky; ds ,d QSlys ds vuqlkj lM+dksa ds fdukjs nqdku ij LVkso tykuk xyr gS vr% iqjs nokc ds lkFk bldk fojks/k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

§       gSnjkckn es osaMjksa dks voS/k rjhds ls mtkM+uk xyr gS vr% ukloh bldk iwjtksj fojks/k djsxhA

dsjy laca/kh fookn%&

Jh oh-ds-lksesu ds laLFkk ds-,l-Hkh-,Q ,oa ,e-,e xzslh ds-,l-Hkh-,Q lEc} lsok f=lwj ds chp fookn gqvkA

Xkzslh dh f'kdk;r Fkh fd Jh lksesu ukloh ds uke ij QqVikFk nqdkunkjksa ls 130@&#- ysdj igpku i= tkjh dj jgs gSa tcfd uk gh oks ukloh ls blds fy, vuqefr fy,] uk gh ukloh dk dksbZ tkudkjh fn;sA vr% bl ij mfpr dk;Zokgh dh tk,A

f'kdk;r dh tkap ds fy, Jh xksdqy izlkn ds usr`Ro es f=lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k rFkk xzslh ds f'kdk;r dks lgh ik;k x;kA lfefr us ;g jk; nh dh pw¡fd Jh lksesu xyr gS vr% bUgsa ukloh dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls nwj j[kk tkrk gS] rFkk blds }kjk fd;s x;s fdlh Hkh dk;Z dh fy, ukloh ftEesnkj ugh gksxh] rFkk foLr`r tkudkjh o tkap ds fy, ukloh ds ,d izfrfuf/k dks dsjy Hkstk tk;sxkA

lHkk es loZlEefr ls mDr izLrko dk ikfjr fd;kA

§       fcgkj xzkeh.k tkx:drk vfHk;ku lfefr ds izfrfuf/k viuk izfrfuf/kRo ugh dj QqVikFk osUMlZ dY;k.k lfefr dk izfrfuf/kRo djuk pkgrs gS] vr% lHkk loZlEefr ls mUgsa blds fy, btktr nsrh gSA

Hkkoh ;kstuk%& Jh 'ks[k ijost

§       pw¡fd leL;k jkT; o jk"Vª nksuks gh Lrj ij gksrh gS vr% nks Lrjh; lfefr cukuh pkfg,A

§       ,d & jkT; Lrjh; lehfr & tks jkT; Lrj ij leL;kvks ls fucVsxhA

§       nwljk & jk"Vªh; Lrjh; lehfr & ;g jkT; Lrj dh leL;kvksa ij fopkj dj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij mHkkjus dk dk;Z djsxhA

§       {ksf=; Lrj ij laxBuksa lnL;ksa dh ,d lfefr gksaxhA

§       foLFkfir nqdkunkjksa dh O;oLFkk ukloh {sf=; Lrj ds laxBuksa }kjk djsxhA

§       jkT; Lrj ij lnL; laxBuks dks ukloh iwjk iwjk lg;ksx nsxhA

§       vius xBu ds ckn ukloh izR;sd Lrj ij jkT; o ftyk] cSBd djsxh rkfd jkT; Lrjh; laxBu etcwr gksaxs rHkh ukloh etcwr gksxhA

§       izR;sd ftys ,oa jkT; Lrj ij dk;Z’kkyk vk;ksftr dh tk;sxhA

§       jk"Vªh; uhfr dks ikfjr djokus rFkk ykxq djus ds fy, izR;sd Lrj ij ekspksZ] lR;kxzg ] vkUnksyu] /kjuk] izn’kZu fd;k tk;sxkA

§       jsyos osUMlZ o jsyos ds vUrxZr vkus okys nqdkunkjksa ds fy, ukloh dk;Z djsxhA

§       ukloh dks izR;sd lnL; laxBu ls lg;ksx dh t:jr gSA

§       vk; dk Lxksr c<+kus ds fy, ukloh dk;ZdjsxhA